Intellectual property

Intellectual property limits illegal copying of actually implemented someones' ideas by copyrights and patents.

The ownership of a new created material work must apply for a patent. Work as literature, movies is protected without applying for a copyright, just with its trademark. Keeping pace with technology intellectual property law ensures copyrights by fines and includes possibility of fair dealing between consumer and copyright holder. Registration of trademark prevent imitation and forgery in smaller companies. Injunctions for pretending firms and contracts with restrictions about telling companie's work secrets helps companies to keep its unique name.

Infringing copyright can result starting with civil action and finishing with imprisonment.

SELF-ASSESSMENT OF ESP LEARNING

WRITING SKILLS- As we do it often, now I learned main rules about summary's writting, generaly I improved my skills. My ESP vocabulary now is enough wide, but I need permanent words repeating to remember meaning and correct writting. Honest work and hard learning helps me to get high marks, but not every time. Dictation is not so easy for its difficult understanding-hearing, but I like this task. More interesting task is writting contributions to weblogs. It is easier and more convenient writting, because I dont need to print my work. Also, I improve my writting skills by computer.
SPEAKING SKILLS- every lecture I participate in class discussions talking about needed subject and saying my opinion. I made my presentation very well because of its interesting topic. Speaking in pairs is easy too. I like working in pairs for making my speaking various and more interesting.
LISTENING SKILLS- listening activities in class is not so easy, but as we check received information I specify, correct my proof and help others. Listening to podcasts outside class is not so necessary for me because we do enough listening tests in class.
READING SKILLS- home reading using vocabulary is not difficult. The main problem is translation inadequacy, so I need to check it in class with teacher. Reading comprehension exercises is not difficult too when I know what exactly I am directed to tell. Reading computer tasks is not so good because computer screen distract my attention. It is better to read in paper.

Judicial institutions in Lithuania and Britain

All democratic states take priority to human rights and their freedom. Following this principle most countries have established judicial institutions to deal with various societies’ matters starting with employment disputes and finishing with criminal cases.

English court system reflects limited monarchy. Crown Courts deal with criminal matters, firstly heard in Magistrates Courts. County Courts deal with civil matters. Particular divisions of the High Court hear cases involving large amount of money. All appeals go to the Court of Appeal. Also, there are special tribunals as industrial that deals with disputes over contracts and sexual discrimination in employment matters.

In Lithuania there are Courts of general jurisdiction: the Supreme Court that is the only court of cassation instance for reviewing effective judgements, decisions, rulings and orders of the courts of general jurisdiction, the Court of Appeals that is appeal instance, District courts hear criminal, civil cases and cases of administrative offences, Regional courts that is first instance for criminal and civil cases and appeal instance for judgements, decisions, rulings and orders of district courts. Special – administrative courts: the Supreme Administrative Court is first and final instance for administrative cases, appeal instance for cases from decisions, rulings and orders of district administrative courts and Regional administrative courts are courts of special jurisdiction established for hearing complaints (petitions) in respect of administrative acts and acts of commission or omission (failure to perform duties) by entities of public and internal administration.

In general, in Lithuanian and English judicial systems are witnesses and suspects have the right to conditional bail. Some courts as Courts of Appeal or County (District) Courts deal same matters. The main differences between Lithuanian and Britain judicial systems are Administrative Courts in Lithuania and jury in Britain.

Other recent shootings at schools

From 1997 to 2001 there were fourteen violent shootings, woundings and even taking hostages at schools in the USA.

Crimes are prevalent starting with six years old and finishing eighteen years old delinquents.

American students are mostly engaged in shootings at middle period of adolescence (about 13 years old). Mostly crimes are commited in California, Florida, New Mexico, Georgia, Colorado, Tennesse, etc. Most victims were shot dead and wounded. Basic reasons of negative behaviour is criminals' insanity, revenge and irresponsibility, usually caused by adults' negligence.

Young criminals were sentenced to life imprisonment and the rest to long term confinement or just probation.

Prisons in UK and Lithuania

As Lithuania integrates in European cultural, political and social life, it also has huge influence on Lithuanian penal system. Now Lithuania has access to modern prisons and its quality: starting propagate sports and "a sound mind in a sound body" ideas, organizing various conferences and increasing salaries. What is more, after Lithuanian Prison Department and Sport's Department contract, officers will be able to improve physical preparation. There are a lot of similarities between Lithuanian and UK prisons as accommodation, education and visits.
There are a few procedures that take place when a prisoner first arrives at prison: checking identities, search, dactylography and photography, allocating their Prison Number, seeing by a member of the healthcare team. Prisoners have chance to discuss any problems they may have during imprisonment (in UK) probation staff or (in Lithuania)-social workers, pedagogues. Induction helps prisoners settle into prison life, explains how the prison works and what each prisoner's responsibilities are. Prisoners are kept in cells within fourseater cells or in solitary cell, including proper daily living needs. Inmates eat three times per day and food is free. Arranging a meeting adult visitors must bring their passport or driving licence and in UK children under the age of 10 can visit in addition to a maximum of three adults, in Lithuania- just one adult. There is very little that is allowed to be given to a prisoner by a visitor. This includes food and drink.Prisoners are allowed to send letters every week and make telephone calls and everyday go outside in special walking areas for 2 hours. Inmates have possibility to secondary and higher education.
To sum up, Lithuanian prison and penitentiaries are renovated according to European solitary insitutions, so the situation of imprisonment is getting better for its strict medical care, higher hygiene requirements and professional workers. Intercepting foreign penal system experience prisoners life's and officers working atmosphere corresponds normal and positive way of living.

Civil and public law

Private law deals with the relationships between citizens, one with another and public law deals with the relationship between the citizens and the state.
In a civil case an individual (plaintiff) may bring a civil action vs. defendant seeking for compensation. If a suspect is found guilty in a civil case, he must award damages and comply all orders. In criminal case the state (prosecution) brings a criminal action according to proof beyond reasonable doubt. Guilty person in a criminal case can be punished with life imprisonment or just a fine.
Citizens have a right to bring a civil action against police for its unmoral and illegal behaviour.

Criminal law

Crime is an illegal act, which can be punished by law concerning crimes and their punishments. The same act in different countries can be defined as a criminal activity, otherwise- legal manner.
There are two main elements to a crime: Actus Reus (guilty act; objective criminal state, causing the death) and Mens Rea (guilty mind; subjective criminal state, intending to commit a crime- malice aforethought). The most important is to prove that the act was a substantial cause of the result. Each person has a right to presumption of innocence and defense as duress, insanity, intoxication, self-defense and mitigation of punishment in accordance with a crime of passion.
Governments have huge power in decriminalizing crimes and making new ideas legal or illegal behaviour.